What is self-presentation?
Self-presentation is considered a fundamental element of everyday human functioning. Its definition includes nonverbal behaviors as well as words and actions that send a message to others about how we would like to be perceived. Understanding our own self-presentation techniques allows us to present ourselves in the best possible light when we need it most.
According to Erving Goffman, we sometimes create an ideal construct of the presented “self” in order to gain benefits and achieve specific goals.
Self-presentation techniques
In the psychology of self-presentation, two techniques are distinguished:
- defensive,
- assertive-acquisitive.
When adopting a defensive technique, a person makes an effort to protect their threatened identity. They use various strategies such as justifying their behavior or apologizing in order to restore a positive self-image. An individual may also adopt a “victim” role in the hope of gaining support from another person.
The assertive-acquisitive technique, on the other hand, serves the opposite function and focuses on reinforcing and strengthening one's identity. Common tactics used in this approach include flattery, presenting oneself in a better light, highlighting one’s strengths, and assertive behavior.
The art of self-presentation
Important components of effective self-presentation include:
1. Knowing your strengths (self-awareness),
2. Authenticity (credibility),
3. Sensitivity and empathy toward others,
4. Assertiveness,
5. Flexibility in behavior.
Other actions that support a positive image can also help improve self-presentation, such as active listening, which helps build trust and respect in the listener.
During attentive listening, it is important to:
- paraphrase key points of the conversation,
- mirror the speaker’s emotions (both verbally and nonverbally),
- clarify information,
- create space for the other person to express themselves,
- summarize gathered information,
- maintain engagement with the conversation partner.
Eye contact remains an extremely important element during conversations. Looking at another person expresses interest and helps reduce distraction.
Self-presentation — the importance of nonverbal communication
Nonverbal communication plays an exceptionally important role in interactions with others. Research suggests that as much as 55% of effective communication depends on our body language. Nonverbal signals include posture, body movements, facial expressions, and the distance created or minimized between conversation partners.
The posture we present influences how our “self” is perceived; a slouched posture may signal low self-esteem and insecurity, while an upright posture may indicate confidence and openness.
Self-presentation — summary
Understanding the characteristics of effective self-presentation is useful in everyday interactions with others, but also during job interviews, business meetings, and various types of presentations. In such situations, we try to present ourselves in the best possible light and make the necessary effort to achieve our goals. It is worth increasing our self-awareness by paying attention to how we behave in social situations as well as in circumstances involving stress. Knowledge in this area may prove to be an invaluable asset for the future.